Mughal Architecture, Golden Triangle

The magnificent Mughal architecture is attributed mainly to four successive Mughal emperors: Akbar (3rd emperor), Jahangir (4th emperor), Shah Jahan (5th emperor) and Aurangzeb (6th emperor). Vast forts, mosques and mausoleums were built within a century and even though the Mughal empire existed for 330 years and had as many as 20 emperors, very little was built after Aurangzeb. The vision of these few men left a richly detailed legacy in monuments such as the Taj Mahal, Red Fort and Agra Fort. 

As indicated in previous postcards, Mughal architecture is a mixture of Islamic, Indian, Turkish and Persian styles with a preference for red sandstone and marble as the construction materials. It is characterised by symmetry, geometrical shapes and intricate detail. The buildings feature pointed arches, massive vaulted gateways, minarets, bulbous domes, roofs lined with dome-shaped pavilions called ‘chhatri’ and windows protruding from the building’s wall called ‘jharokha’.

Mosques have large courtyards, whilst other buildings are surrounded by gardens on all four sides. Wall decorations include Arabic scriptures, floral or geometric patterns inlaid in marble with semi-precious stones and perforated lattice screens in ornamental patterns. Ceramics, glass and mirrors may line the interiors. Representation of figurative images are forbidden in Islamic decoration and as such they do not feature in Mughal architecture. In their place are stylised flowers and naturalistic decorations as observed from nature. 

The first major works were constructed during the reign of Akbar (1556-1605), who commissioned palaces, gardens, mosques and mausoleums that were designed by Persian architects. The buildings were huge monuments demonstrating the power of the empire. 

Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan (1628-1658) had a keen interest in architecture and was the most prolific builder. His designs centred around elegant structures, welcoming spaces and refined details. Mughal architecture was at its peak during his reign. 

Unlike his father, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (1658-1707) wasn’t as involved in architecture. His primary focus was on maintaining extant structures and the royal tombs. He did, however, build several mosques including Badshahi Mosque which was the largest in the world at the time of completion and is currently the second largest in the world. Aurangzeb also commissioned a tomb built for his wife which very much resembles the Taj Mahal. 

Very little was built in the late Mughal-era. After Aurangzeb’s death, the empire fragmented and in 1858 it was abolished by the British. 

As the empire dissolved, the buildings and gardens were left neglected and fell into disrepair. Works undertaken during the 20th century restored many monuments to their former glory, earning them a place on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.